ingancin saman
Ingantacciyar fuskar bangon gani yana bayyana kamanninsa na kwaskwarima kuma ya haɗa da lahani kamar tabo da ramuka, ko tona.A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan lahani na saman sune kawai kwaskwarima kuma ba sa tasiri sosai akan aikin tsarin, ko da yake, suna iya haifar da ƙananan hasara a cikin kayan aiki na tsarin da ƙananan karuwa a cikin hasken da aka watsar.Duk da haka, wasu filaye, duk da haka, sun fi kula da waɗannan tasirin kamar: (1) saman a cikin jiragen hoto saboda waɗannan lahani suna cikin mayar da hankali da kuma (2) saman da ke ganin manyan matakan wutar lantarki saboda waɗannan lahani na iya haifar da ƙara yawan kuzari da lalacewa. na gani.Mafi yawan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka yi amfani da su don ingancin saman shine ƙayyadaddun ƙaƙƙarfan tono da MIL-PRF-13830B ya bayyana.Ana ƙididdige ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ta hanyar kwatanta karce akan sama zuwa saitin daidaitattun kasusuwa ƙarƙashin yanayin haske mai sarrafawa.Don haka ƙirar karce ba ta bayyana ainihin karce kanta ba, a'a tana kwatanta shi da daidaitaccen karce bisa ga MIL-Spec.Tsarin tono, duk da haka, yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da tono, ko ƙaramin rami a saman.Ana ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga na tono a diamita na tono a cikin microns zuwa kashi 10. Ƙididdigar Scratch-dig na 80-50 yawanci ana la'akari da daidaitattun inganci, 60-40 madaidaicin inganci, da 20-10 babban madaidaicin inganci.
| Tebura 6: Haƙurin Samfura don Ingancin Fashi | |
| Ingancin saman (scratch-dig) | Darajojin inganci |
| 80-50 | Na al'ada |
| 60-40 | Daidaitawa |
| 40-20 | Babban Madaidaici |
Lalacewar saman
Lebur na saman wani nau'in ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun saman ne wanda ke auna karkacewar fili kamar na madubi, taga, priism, ko ruwan tabarau.Ana iya auna wannan karkatacciyar hanya ta amfani da lebur na gani, wanda yake da inganci mai inganci, daidaitaccen shimfidar shimfidar wuri da ake amfani da shi don kwatanta lebur na yanki na gwaji.Lokacin da aka sanya lebur na na'urar gwajin gani da ido, gefuna suna bayyana wanda sifar su ke nuna yanayin lebur na gani a ƙarƙashin dubawa.Idan gefuna suna da sarari daidai gwargwado, madaidaiciya, kuma a layi daya, to fuskar gani da ke ƙarƙashin gwaji tana da aƙalla lebur kamar lebur na gani.Idan gefuna suna lanƙwasa, adadin gefuna tsakanin layukan hasashe guda biyu, ɗaya tangent zuwa tsakiyar gezaye ɗaya kuma ta ƙarshen wannan gefuna ɗaya, yana nuna kuskuren lebur.Sau da yawa ana auna karkatattun madaidaicin a cikin ƙimar raƙuman ruwa (λ), waxanda suke da yawa na tsawon lokacin gwajin.Geza ɗaya yayi daidai da ½ na igiyar ruwa, watau, 1 λ daidai da gefuna 2.
| Tebura 7: Haƙurin Samar da Haƙuri don Kwanciyar Hankali | |
| Lalata | Darajojin inganci |
| 1λ | Na al'ada |
| λ/4 | Daidaitawa |
| λ/10 | Babban Madaidaici |
Ƙarfi
Ƙarfi nau'i ne na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, yana aiki ga filaye masu lanƙwasa, ko saman mai ƙarfi.Ma'auni ne na lanƙwasa a saman na'urar gani kuma ya bambanta da radius na curvature ta yadda ya shafi karkatar da ƙananan sikelin a cikin siffar siffar ruwan tabarau.misali, la'akari da radius na jurewar curvature an ayyana shi azaman 100 +/- 0.1mm, da zarar an ƙirƙiri wannan radius, gogewa da auna, zamu ga ainihin curvature ɗinsa ya zama 99.95mm wanda ya faɗi cikin ƙayyadaddun haƙurin injin.A wannan yanayin, mun san cewa tsayin mai da hankali shima daidai ne tunda mun sami daidaitaccen siffar siffa.Amma kawai saboda radius da tsayin saɓo daidai ne, ba yana nufin ruwan tabarau zai yi kamar yadda aka tsara ba.Don haka bai isa kawai a ayyana radius na curvature ba amma har ma da daidaito na curvature - kuma wannan shine ainihin abin da aka tsara iko don sarrafawa.Hakanan ta yin amfani da radius na 99.95mm iri ɗaya da aka ambata a sama, likitan gani na iya so ya ƙara sarrafa daidaiton hasken da aka cire ta hanyar iyakance ikon zuwa ≤ 1 λ.Wannan yana nufin cewa a kan dukan diamita, ba za a iya zama mafi girma fiye da 632.8nm (1λ = 632.8nm) a cikin daidaito na siffar siffar zobe.Ƙara wannan ƙwaƙƙwaran matakin sarrafawa zuwa nau'in saman yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa hasken haske a gefe ɗaya na ruwan tabarau ba ya bambanta da wanda ke gefe ɗaya.Tunda makasudin na iya zama don cimma maƙasudin mayar da hankali kan duk hasken da ya faru, gwargwadon daidaiton siffar, mafi daidaitaccen haske zai yi aiki yayin wucewa ta cikin ruwan tabarau.
Likitoci masu gani suna ƙididdige kuskuren ƙarfi cikin sharuddan raƙuman ruwa ko gefuna kuma su auna ta ta amfani da interferometer.An gwada shi da wani salo mai kama da lebur, domin an kwatanta wani wuri mai lanƙwasa da wani wuri mai lanƙwasa tare da madaidaicin radius na curvature.Yin amfani da wannan ka'ida ta tsangwama da ke haifar da gibin iska tsakanin saman biyu, ana amfani da tsarin tsangwama na gefuna don kwatanta karkatar da farfajiyar gwajin daga farfajiyar tunani (Hoto 11).Bambancewa daga sashin tunani zai haifar da jerin zoben, wanda aka sani da Newton's Rings.Ƙarin zoben da ke akwai, mafi girma da sabawa.Adadin zoben duhu ko haske, ba jimillar haske da duhu ba, ya yi daidai da sau biyu adadin raƙuman ruwa na kuskure.
Hoto 11: Kuskuren wutar lantarki da aka gwada ta hanyar kwatanta da abin da ake tunani ko amfani da interferometer
Kuskuren wutar lantarki yana da alaƙa da kuskuren a cikin radius na curvature ta ma'auni mai zuwa inda ∆R shine kuskuren radius, D shine diamita na ruwan tabarau, R shine radius saman, kuma λ shine tsayin raƙuman ruwa (yawanci 632.8nm):
Kuskuren wutar lantarki [taguwar ruwa ko λ] = ∆R D²/8R²λ
Hoto 12: Kuskuren Wuta akan Kuskuren Diamater vs Radius a Cibiyar
Rashin bin ka'ida
Rashin bin ka'ida yana la'akari da ƙananan bambance-bambancen sikelin akan farfajiyar gani.Kamar wutar lantarki, ana auna shi ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa ko gefuna kuma ana siffanta shi ta amfani da interferometer.A zahiri, ya fi sauƙi a yi la'akari da rashin bin ka'ida azaman ƙayyadaddun bayanai wanda ke ayyana yadda ya kamata ya kasance daidai da santsin fuskar gani.Ganin cewa gabaɗayan auna kololuwa da kwaruruka a kan fuskar gani na iya zama daidaitu a wuri ɗaya, wani ɓangaren na gani na iya nuna ɓarna mafi girma.A cikin irin wannan yanayin, hasken da ruwan tabarau ya karye zai iya zama daban-daban dangane da inda na'urar gani ke yanke shi.Saboda haka rashin bin doka yana da mahimmancin la'akari yayin zayyana ruwan tabarau.Hoto mai zuwa yana nuna yadda wannan juzu'in sigar saman daga daidaitaccen yanayin za'a iya siffanta shi ta amfani da ƙayyadaddun PV mara daidaituwa.
Hoto 13: Ma'auni na PV mara daidaituwa
Rashin bin ka'ida wani nau'i ne na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin da ke bayyana yadda siffar saman ke karkata daga sifar abin tunani.Ana samun shi daga ma'auni ɗaya da iko.Daidaituwa yana nufin sphericity na gefuna madauwari waɗanda aka samo su daga kwatancen farfajiyar gwaji zuwa farfajiyar tunani.Lokacin da ƙarfin saman ya fi gefuna 5, yana da wahala a gano ƙananan rashin daidaituwa na ƙasa da gefuna 1.Don haka al'ada ce ta gama gari don tantance filaye tare da rabon iko zuwa rashin daidaituwa na kusan 5:1.
Hoto na 14: Flatness vs Power vs Rashin daidaituwa
RMS Ayoyin PV Ƙarfin da Ba daidai ba
Lokacin da ake magana akan iko da rashin daidaituwa, yana da mahimmanci a gane hanyoyin biyu da za a iya bayyana su.Na farko shine cikakkiyar ƙima.Misali, idan an ayyana na'urar gani a matsayin yana da rashin daidaiton kalaman kalaman 1, ba za a iya samun bambancin raƙuman ruwa sama da 1 ba tsakanin mafi girma da mafi ƙasƙanci akan saman gani ko kololuwa zuwa kwari (PV).Hanya ta biyu ita ce tantance ikon ko rashin bin ka'ida azaman 1 wave RMS (tushen ma'anar murabba'i) ko matsakaici.A cikin wannan fassarar, saman gani da aka ayyana azaman 1 kalaman RMS mara daidaituwa na iya, a zahiri, yana da kololuwa da kwaruruka waɗanda suka wuce igiyar ruwa 1, duk da haka, lokacin da aka bincika cikakken saman, matsakaicin matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa dole ne ya faɗi cikin igiyar ruwa 1.
Gabaɗaya, RMS da PV duka hanyoyin ne don bayyana yadda sifar abu ya dace daidai da tsarin da aka tsara, wanda ake kira "surface Figure" da "ƙananan saman," bi da bi.Dukansu ana ƙididdige su daga bayanai iri ɗaya, kamar ma'aunin interferometer, amma ma'anar sun bambanta.PV yana da kyau a ba da "mafi munin yanayin-scenario" don saman;RMS hanya ce don bayyana matsakaicin karkatacciyar siffa daga saman da ake so ko abin da ake tunani.RMS yana da kyau don kwatanta bambancin saman gaba ɗaya.Babu dangantaka mai sauƙi tsakanin PV da RMS.Koyaya a matsayin ƙa'ida ta gabaɗaya, ƙimar RMS tana kusan 0.2 azaman mai ƙarfi azaman ƙimar mara matsakaici idan aka kwatanta gefe da gefe, watau 0.1 igiyar ruwa mara daidaituwa PV yayi daidai da kusan 0.5 kalaman RMS.
Ƙarshen Sama
Ƙarshen saman, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙanƙara, yana auna ƙananan rashin daidaituwa a saman.Yawancin lokaci su ne abin rashin tausayi na tsarin gogewa da nau'in kayan aiki.Ko da ana ganin na'urar gani ta musamman santsi tare da ɗan rashin daidaituwa a saman saman, idan aka duba kusa da shi, ainihin jarrabawar gani na iya bayyana babban bambanci a cikin rubutun saman.Kyakkyawan kwatankwacin wannan kayan tarihi shine a kwatanta ƙunci da ƙuƙƙun yashi.Yayin da mafi kyawun girman grit na iya jin santsi kuma na yau da kullun don taɓawa, zahirin saman yana tattare da ƙananan kololuwa da kwaruruka waɗanda girman jikin grit ɗin kansa ya ƙaddara.Game da na'urar gani, ana iya tunanin "grit" a matsayin rashin daidaituwa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rubutun da ke haifar da ingancin goge.Wuraren daɗaɗɗen yakan yi saurin sawa fiye da filaye masu santsi kuma ƙila ba za su dace da wasu aikace-aikace ba, musamman waɗanda ke da lasers ko zafi mai zafi, saboda yuwuwar rukunin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su iya bayyana a cikin ƙananan fasa ko rashin ƙarfi.
Ba kamar iko da rashin daidaituwa ba, waɗanda ake auna su a cikin raƙuman ruwa ko ɓangarorin igiyar ruwa, ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi, saboda matsananciyar kusancinsa ga rubutun saman, ana auna shi akan sikelin angstroms kuma koyaushe dangane da RMS.Don kwatanta, yana ɗaukar angstroms goma don daidaita nanometer ɗaya da nanometer 632.8 zuwa daidai da igiyar ruwa ɗaya.
Hoto 15: Ma'aunin RMS Roughness Surface
| Tebura 8: Haƙurin masana'anta don Ƙarshen Sama | |
| Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa (RMS) | Darajojin inganci |
| 50Å ku | Na al'ada |
| 20Å | Daidaitawa |
| 5Å | Babban Madaidaici |
Kuskuren Wavefront da aka watsa
Ana amfani da kuskuren gaban wavefront (TWE) don cancantar aikin abubuwan gani yayin da haske ke wucewa.Ba kamar ma'aunin sigar saman ba, ma'aunin gaban igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar ruwa da aka watsa sun haɗa da kurakurai daga saman gaba da na baya, wedge, da kamannin kayan.Wannan ma'aunin aikin gabaɗaya yana ba da mafi kyawun fahimtar aikin na'urar gani ta zahiri.
Duk da yake ana gwada yawancin kayan aikin gani daban-daban don sigar saman ko ƙayyadaddun TWE, babu makawa waɗannan abubuwan an gina su cikin ƙarin hadaddun majalisun gani tare da buƙatun aikin nasu.A wasu aikace-aikacen yana da karɓa don dogara ga ma'aunin sassa da jurewa don hasashen aikin ƙarshe, amma don ƙarin aikace-aikacen da ake buƙata yana da mahimmanci don auna taron kamar yadda aka gina.
Ana amfani da ma'aunin TWE don tabbatar da cewa an gina tsarin gani don ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma zai yi aiki kamar yadda aka zata.Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin TWE don daidaita tsarin aiki, rage lokacin taro, yayin da tabbatar da aikin da ake sa ran ya samu.
Paralight Optics ya haɗa da na'urorin CNC na zamani na zamani da masu goge baki, duka don daidaitattun siffofi, da kuma, aspheric da contours na kyauta.Yin amfani da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta ciki har da Zygo interferometers, profilometers, TriOptics Opticentric, TriOptics OptiSpheric, da dai sauransu don duka in-aiki metrology da dubawa na ƙarshe, kazalika da shekarunmu na gwaninta a cikin ƙirƙira na gani & shafi yana ba mu damar magance wasu mafi rikitarwa kuma na'urorin gani masu girma don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun gani da ake buƙata daga abokan ciniki.
Don ƙarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, da fatan za a duba kas ɗin mu ko samfuran da aka fito da su.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-26-2023