1) Introduction to Infrared Optics
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Infrared Optics e hōʻiliʻili, nānā a hui pū paha i nā kukui ma ka laulā nalu ma waena o 760 a me 14,000 nm. Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia kēia ʻāpana o ka radiation IR i ʻehā mau pae spectral like ʻole:
| Kokokoke i ka laulā Infrared (NIR) | 700 – 900 nm |
| ʻO ke ʻano o ka hawewe Infrared Pōkole (SWIR) | 900 – 2300 nm |
| Launa Infrared Mid-Wave (MWIR) | 3000 – 5000 nm |
| Loʻihi-lōʻihi Infrared laulā (LWIR) | 8000 – 14000 nm |
2) Nalu Pōkole Infrared (SWIR)
Hoʻopili nā noi SWIR i ka laulā mai 900 a 2300 nm. ʻAʻole like me ka MWIR a me ka LWIR kukui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka mea ponoʻī, ua like ʻo SWIR i ke kukui ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana a i ʻole ke komo ʻana o nā photon e kekahi mea, no laila e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻokoʻa kūpono no ke kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā kumu kukui kūlohelohe e like me ka ambient start light a me ka ʻālohilohi hope (aka nightglow) nā mea hoʻopuka o SWIR a hāʻawi i ka mālamalama maikaʻi loa no ke kiʻi waho i ka pō.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau noi pilikia a hiki ʻole ke hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SWIR. I ke kiʻi ʻana ma SWIR, ʻakaka ka mahu wai, ka uahi ahi, ka noe, a me kekahi mau mea e like me ke silika. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kala i ʻike ʻia me ka ʻike ʻia me SWIR.
Hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi SWIR no nā kumu he nui e like me ka papa uila a me ka nānā ʻana o ka solar cell, hana i ka nānā ʻana, ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ka nānā ʻana, anti-counterfeiting, kaʻina kaʻina hana a me nā mea hou aku.
3) ʻO ka ʻaleʻale waena (MWIR)
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana MWIR ma ka laulā 3 a 5 micron. Ke hoʻoholo nei ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana MWIR a me LWIR, pono e noʻonoʻo kekahi i kekahi mau kumu. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā mea o ka lewa kūloko e like me ka haʻahaʻa a me ka noe. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi nā ʻōnaehana MWIR i ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana LWIR, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā noi e like me ka nānā ʻana i kahakai, ka nānā ʻana i nā moku a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ke awa.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka lewa ma mua o LWIR i ka nui o nā piʻi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka MWIR no nā noi mākaʻikaʻi lōʻihi loa ma mua o 10 km mamao mai ka mea.
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka MWIR inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea wela kiʻekiʻe e like me nā kaʻa, nā mokulele a me nā missiles. Ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻike nui ʻana o nā pulu wela wela ma ka MWIR ma mua o ka LWIR.
4) Nalu-lōʻihi Infrared (LWIR)
Hana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana LWIR ma ka laulā 8 a 14 micron. Makemake ʻia lākou no nā noi me nā mea wela kokoke i ka lumi. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi nā kāmela LWIR i ka lā a no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka hana waho. ʻO ia nā ʻōnaehana uncooled maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microbolometers Focal Plane Array, ʻoiai aia nā kāmela LWIR i hoʻoluʻu ʻia a hoʻohana lākou i nā mea ʻike Mercury Cadmium Tellurium (MCT). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, makemake ka hapa nui o nā kāmela MWIR i ka hoʻoluʻu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen wai a i ʻole kahi mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Stirling cycle.
Loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana LWIR i ka nui o nā noi e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka hale a me ka ʻoihana, ʻike hemahema, ʻike kinoea a me nā mea hou aku. He mea koʻikoʻi nā kāmela LWIR i ka wā maʻi maʻi COVID-19 no ka mea e ʻae lākou i ke ana wela o ke kino wikiwiki a pololei.
5) Ke alakaʻi koho ʻana i nā substrate IR
Loaʻa i nā mea IR nā waiwai ʻokoʻa e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana maikaʻi i ka spectrum infrared. ʻO IR Fused Silica, Germanium, Silicon, Sapphire, a me Zinc Sulfide/Selenide, he ikaika ko kēlā me kēia no nā noi infrared.
Zinc Selenide (ZnSe)
ʻO Zinc selenide kahi hui melemele māmā me ka zinc a me ka selenium. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e ka synthesis o Zinc vapor a me H2 Se gas, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he paʻi ma kahi substrate graphite. Ua ʻike ʻia no kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia no nā laser CO2.
| ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana | Nā noi kūpono |
| 0.6 - 16μm | ʻO nā laser CO2 a me ka thermometry a me ka spectroscopy, nā lens, nā puka makani, a me nā ʻōnaehana FLIR |
Germanium (Ge)
Loaʻa i ka Germanium kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻeleʻele hina hina me kahi kuhikuhi refractive o 4.024 me ka haʻahaʻa optical dispersion. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kikoʻī nui me kahi Knoop Hardness (kg/mm2): 780.00 e ʻae iā ia e hana maikaʻi no nā optics kahua i nā kūlana paʻakikī.
| ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana | Nā noi kūpono |
| 2 - 16μm | LWIR - MWIR Hōʻike kiʻi wela (i ka wā i uhi ʻia ai ʻo AR), nā hiʻohiʻona ʻike maka |
Silika (S)
He ʻano polū-hinahina ʻo Silicon me ka mana wela kiʻekiʻe e kūpono ai no nā aniani laser a me nā wafer silika no ka ʻoihana semiconductor. He 3.42 kona helu kuhikuhi refractive. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana silikoni i nā mea uila no ka mea hiki i kāna mau uila ke hele ma o nā conductors silicon i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā conductors ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o Ge a i ʻole ZnSe. Paipai ʻia ka uhi AR no ka hapa nui o nā noi.
| ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana | Nā noi kūpono |
| 1.2 - 8μm | MWIR, NIR kiʻi, IR spectroscopy, ʻōnaehana ʻike MWIR |
Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)
ʻO Zinc Sulfide kahi koho maikaʻi loa no nā mea ʻike infrared e hoʻouna maikaʻi ʻia i ka IR a ʻike ʻia. He koho maʻamau ia ma mua o nā mea IR ʻē aʻe.
| ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana | Nā noi kūpono |
| 0.6 - 18μm | LWIR - MWIR, ʻike ʻia a me waena o ka nalu a i ʻole nā nalu infrared lōʻihi |
ʻO kāu koho ʻana i ka substrate a me ka anti-reflection coating e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu e koi ai i ka transmittance nui i kāu noi. No ka laʻana, inā e hoʻouna ana ʻoe i ke kukui IR ma ka laulā MWIR, he koho maikaʻi paha ka germanium. No nā noi NIR, kūpono paha ka sapphire.
ʻO nā kikoʻī ʻē aʻe āu e makemake ai e noʻonoʻo i kāu koho ʻana i nā optics infrared me nā waiwai wela a me ka index of refraction. ʻO nā waiwai wela o kahi pāpaʻi e helu i kona ʻano ʻana i ka wela. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, e hōʻike ʻia nā mea optical infrared i nā ʻano wela like ʻole. Hoʻopuka kekahi mau noi IR i ka nui o ka wela. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā kūpono kahi substrate IR no kāu noi, makemake ʻoe e nānā i ka gradient index a me ka coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Inā he gradient index kiʻekiʻe ka substrate i hāʻawi ʻia, loaʻa paha ka hana optical suboptimal ke hoʻohana ʻia i kahi hoʻonohonoho thermally volatile. Inā he CTE kiʻekiʻe kona, hiki ke hoʻonui a ʻaelike paha ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka loli nui o ka mahana. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā optics infrared ʻokoʻa like ʻole i ka index of refraction. ʻO Germanium, no ka laʻana, he 4.0003 ka papa kuhikuhi o ka refraction, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1.413 no MgF. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā substrates me kēia ākea o ka index of refraction e hāʻawi i ka maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o kahi mea IR e ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka helu hawewe e pili ana i ka lōʻihi nalu a me ka chromatic aberration, a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka nalu. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, me ka helu Abbe, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka lākiō o ka hōʻailona refractive ma ka lōʻihi hawewe d me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka 1, ma luna o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka kuhikuhipuʻu o ka refraction ma nā laina f a me c. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Abbe ma mua o 55, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka dispersive a kapa mākou iā ia he mea lei. ʻO nā mea hoʻopuehu hou aʻe me nā helu Abbe o lalo o 55 i kapa ʻia he mau mea ʻala.
Nā polokalamu Optik Infrared
Loaʻa i nā optics infrared nā noi i nā kahua he nui, mai nā laser CO2 mana kiʻekiʻe, e hana ana ma 10.6 μm, i nā kiʻi kiʻi wela i ka pō (MWIR a me LWIR band) a me IR imaging. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi lākou i ka spectroscopy, ʻoiai ʻo nā hoʻololi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano kinoea he nui i loko o ka ʻāpana infrared mid. Hoʻopuka mākou i nā optics laina laser a me nā ʻāpana infrared e hana maikaʻi ma luna o kahi ākea ākea ākea, a hiki i kā mākou hui ʻike ke hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo hoʻolālā piha a me ke kūkākūkā.
Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Paralight Optics i ke ʻano o nā ʻenehana hana holomua e like me Single Point Diamond Turning a me CNC polishing e hana i nā lens optical kiʻekiʻe mai Silicon, Germanium a me Zinc Sulfide e loaʻa ai nā noi i nā kāmela MWIR a me LWIR. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokō i ka pololei o ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 0.5 fringes PV a me ka roughness ma ka laulā o lalo o 10 nm.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i kā mākouʻoptics cataloga i ʻole e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou no ka ʻike hou aku.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-25-2023
