1 Polarization ya kuwala
Kuwala kuli ndi zinthu zitatu zofunika, zomwe ndi kutalika kwa mafunde, mphamvu ndi polarization. Kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a kuwala ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa, kutenga kuwala kowoneka bwino monga chitsanzo, kutalika kwa mawonekedwe ndi 380 ~ 780nm. Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kulinso kosavuta kumvetsetsa, ndipo ngati kuwala kwa kuwala kuli kolimba kapena kofooka kungathe kudziwika ndi kukula kwa mphamvu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, khalidwe la polarization la kuwala ndilofotokozera za kugwedezeka kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi a magetsi a magetsi, omwe sangathe kuwonedwa ndi kukhudzidwa, kotero nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa, komabe, kwenikweni, khalidwe la polarization la kuwala. ndizofunikanso kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana m'moyo, monga mawonekedwe a crystal yamadzimadzi omwe timawawona tsiku ndi tsiku, teknoloji ya polarization imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa maonekedwe a mtundu ndi kusintha kosiyana. Mukawonera makanema a 3D mu kanema wamakanema, magalasi a 3D amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pakuwongolera kuwala. Kwa iwo omwe akuchita ntchito ya kuwala, kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa polarization ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake mu machitidwe owoneka bwino kungathandize kwambiri kulimbikitsa kupambana kwa zinthu ndi ntchito. Choncho, kuyambira pachiyambi cha nkhaniyi, tidzagwiritsa ntchito kufotokozera kosavuta kuti tidziwitse polarization ya kuwala, kuti aliyense amvetse bwino polarization, ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchitoyo.
2 Chidziwitso choyambirira cha polarization
Chifukwa pali malingaliro ambiri okhudzidwa, tidzawagawa m'mawu angapo kuti tiwadziwitse pang'onopang'ono.
2.1 Lingaliro la polarization
Tikudziwa kuti kuwala ndi mtundu wa mafunde a electromagnetic, monga momwe tawonetsera mu chithunzi chotsatirachi, mafunde a electromagnetic amakhala ndi magetsi a E ndi maginito B, omwe ali perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake. Mafunde awiriwa amazungulira motsatira njira zawo ndipo amafalikira mopingasa motsatira njira yofalitsira Z.
Chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi maginito ndi perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake, gawoli ndi lofanana, ndipo malangizo a kufalitsa ndi ofanana, kotero kuti polarization ya kuwala ikufotokozedwa ndi kusanthula kugwedezeka kwa magetsi pakuchita.
Monga momwe tawonetsera m'chithunzichi, vekitala yamagetsi yamagetsi E ikhoza kuwonongeka mu Ex vector ndi Ey vector, ndipo zomwe zimatchedwa polarization ndi kugawa kwa kayendetsedwe ka oscillation kwa zigawo za magetsi a Ex ndi Ey pakapita nthawi ndi malo.
2.2 Mayiko angapo oyambira polarization
A. Elliptic polarization
Elliptical polarization ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri la polarization, pomwe zigawo ziwiri zamagetsi zimakhala ndi gawo losiyanasiyana (imodzi imafalikira mwachangu, ina imafalikira pang'onopang'ono), ndipo kusiyana kwake sikufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa π/2, ndipo matalikidwe amatha. kukhala ofanana kapena osiyana. Ngati muyang'ana mbali ya kufalitsa, mzere wa contour wa endpoint trajectory ya vekitala yamagetsi idzajambula ellipse, monga momwe zilili pansipa:
B, polarization ya mzere
Linear polarization ndi mawonekedwe apadera a elliptic polarization, pamene magawo awiri a magetsi a magetsi sali kusiyana kwa gawo, magetsi oyendetsa magetsi amatha kuyenda mu ndege yomweyi, ngati akuyang'ana kumbali ya kufalitsa, magetsi a magetsi oyendetsa magetsi amatha kukhala ndi mzere wolunjika. . Ngati zigawo ziwirizo zili ndi matalikidwe ofanana, izi ndi 45 degree linear polarization yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa.
C, polarization yozungulira
Polarization yozungulira imakhalanso mawonekedwe apadera a elliptical polarization, pamene zigawo ziwiri za magetsi zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwa gawo la 90 ndi matalikidwe omwewo, motsatira njira yofalitsa, mapeto a njira yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi bwalo, monga momwe tawonetsera mu chithunzi chotsatira:
2.3 Gulu la polarization la gwero la kuwala
Kuwala komwe kumatulutsa mwachindunji kuchokera ku gwero la kuwala wamba ndi kuwala kosawerengeka kwa ma polarized kuwala, kotero sikungapezeke komwe kuwalako kumakondera kukaona mwachindunji. Kuwala kwamtunduwu komwe kumagwedezeka kumbali zonse kumatchedwa kuwala kwachilengedwe, kumakhala ndi kusintha kwachisawawa kwa chikhalidwe cha polarization ndi kusiyana kwa gawo, kuphatikizapo njira zonse zogwedezeka zomwe zingatheke poyang'ana momwe zimayendera kufalikira kwa mafunde, siziwonetsa polarization, ndi za kuwala kopanda polarized. Kuwala kofala kwachilengedwe kumaphatikizapo kuwala kwa dzuwa, kuwala kochokera ku mababu apanyumba, ndi zina zotero.
Kuwala kokhala ndi polarized bwino kumakhala ndi njira yokhazikika ya electromagnetic wave oscillation, ndipo zigawo ziwiri za gawo lamagetsi zimakhala ndi kusiyana kosalekeza, komwe kumaphatikizapo kuwala kozungulira komwe tatchula pamwambapa, kuwala kwa elliptically polarized ndi kuwala kozungulira kozungulira.
Kuwala kozungulira pang'ono kumakhala ndi magawo awiri a kuwala kwachilengedwe ndi kuwala kozungulira, monga kuwala kwa laser komwe timagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri, komwe sikukhala ndi kuwala kokhala ndi polarized kapena kusakhala ndi polarized, ndiye kuti kumaunikira pang'ono. Pofuna kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa polarized mu mphamvu yonse ya kuwala, lingaliro la Degree of Polarization (DOP) limayambitsidwa, lomwe ndilo chiŵerengero cha kuwala kwa polarized ku mphamvu ya kuwala, kuyambira 0 mpaka 1,0 kwa unpolarized kuwala, 1 kwa kuwala kokhala ndi polarized. Kuphatikiza apo, linear polarization (DOLP) ndi chiŵerengero cha kuwala kozungulira kozungulira mpaka mphamvu ya kuwala konse, pamene circular polarization (DOCP) ndi chiŵerengero cha kuwala kozungulira kozungulira mpaka mphamvu ya kuwala kwathunthu. M'moyo, nyali zodziwika bwino za LED zimatulutsa kuwala kocheperako.
2.4 Kutembenuka pakati pa mayiko a polarization
Zinthu zambiri zowoneka zimakhala ndi zotsatira pa polarization ya mtengo, zomwe nthawi zina zimayembekezeredwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito ndipo nthawi zina sizimayembekezereka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuwala kwa kuwala kukuwonekera, polarization yake nthawi zambiri imasintha, ngati kuwala kwachilengedwe, kumawonekera pamwamba pa madzi, kumakhala kuwala kopanda malire.
Malingana ngati mtengowo sunawonetsedwe kapena umadutsa polarizing sing'anga, polarization yake imakhalabe yokhazikika. Ngati mukufuna kusintha kuchuluka kwa polarization ya mtengo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito polarization optical element kuti muchite zimenezo. Mwachitsanzo, mbale ya quarter-wave ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino cha polarization, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi birefringent crystal material, chomwe chimagawika mu axis yothamanga ndi mayendedwe oyenda pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chimatha kuchedwetsa gawo la π/2 (90°) la vesi lamagetsi loyendera limodzi. mpaka pang'onopang'ono, pamene magetsi akumunda akufanana ndi othamanga othamanga alibe kuchedwa, kotero kuti pamene kuwala kozungulira kozungulira kumachitika pa mbale ya kotala-wave pa polarization Angle ya madigiri 45, kuwala kwa kuwala kupyolera mu mbale yozungulira kumakhala kuwala kozungulira polarized, monga momwe tawonetsera pa chithunzi pansipa. Choyamba, kuwala kwachilengedwe kumasinthidwa kukhala kuwala kozungulira kozungulira ndi polarizer yozungulira, ndiyeno kuwala kozungulira kozungulira kumadutsa 1/4 wavelength ndikukhala kuwala kozungulira, ndipo kuwalako sikumasintha.
Momwemonso, mtengowo ukapita kwina ndipo kuwala kozungulira kozungulira kugunda mbale ya 1/4 pa 45 degree polarization Angle, kuwala kodutsa kumakhala kuwala kozungulira.
Kuwala kokhala ndi polarized kungasinthidwe kukhala kuwala kopanda polarized pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lophatikizana lomwe latchulidwa m'nkhani yapitayi. Pambuyo powala mozungulira polarized akulowa gawo lophatikizana, amawonekera kangapo m'derali, ndipo kugwedezeka kwa gawo lamagetsi kumasokonekera, kotero kuti kumapeto kwa gawo lophatikizika kumatha kupeza kuwala kopanda polarized.
2.5 P kuwala, S kuwala ndi Brewster Angle
Onse P-kuwala ndi S-kuwala ndi linearized polarized, polarized mu perpendicular mayendedwe kwa wina ndi mzake, ndipo ndi zothandiza poganizira kuwonetsera ndi refraction kwa mtengo. Monga momwe tawonetsera m'chithunzi chomwe chili m'munsimu, kuwala kowala kumawalira pa ndege yomwe yachitika, imapanga kuwonetsera ndi kukonzanso, ndipo ndege yopangidwa ndi mtengo wa zochitikazo ndipo zodziwika bwino zimatanthauzidwa ngati ndege yochitika. P kuwala (chilembo choyamba cha Parallel, kutanthauza kufanana) ndi kuwala komwe mayendedwe ake amayenderana ndi ndege ya zochitika, ndipo S kuwala (chilembo choyamba cha Senkrecht, kutanthauza choyimirira) ndi chopepuka chomwe chiwongolero chake chimayenderana ndi ndege ya zochitika.
Nthawi zonse, kuwala kwachilengedwe kukamawonetsedwa ndikuwunikiridwa pamawonekedwe a dielectric, kuwala kowoneka bwino ndi kuwala kowoneka bwino kumakhala kuwala kozungulira pang'ono, pokhapokha ngati ngodyayo ili ndi ngodya inayake, mawonekedwe a kuwala kowoneka bwino amakhala ogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika. ndege S polarization, mkhalidwe polarization wa refracted kuwala ndi pafupifupi kufanana ndi chochitika ndege P polarization, pa nthawi imeneyi zochitika Angle amatchedwa Brewster Angle. Kuwala kukakhala pa Brewster Angle, kuwala konyezimira ndi kuwala kowunikiridwa kumakhala kofanana. Pogwiritsa ntchito malowa, kuwala kokhala ndi polarized kumatha kupangidwa.
3 Mapeto
Mu pepala ili, tikudziwitsani chidziwitso choyambirira cha kuwala kwa kuwala, kuwala ndi mafunde a electromagnetic, ndi zotsatira za mafunde, polarization ndi kugwedezeka kwa vector yamagetsi mumagetsi a kuwala. Takhazikitsa zigawo zitatu zoyambira polarization, elliptic polarization, linear polarization ndi circular polarization, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Malingana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa polarization, gwero la kuwala likhoza kugawidwa kukhala kuwala kopanda polarized, kuwala kopanda polarized ndi kuwala kokwanira bwino, komwe kumafunika kusiyanitsa ndi kusankhana pochita. Poyankha pamwamba angapo.
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