Ubwino Wapamwamba
Kuwoneka bwino kwa pamwamba pa malo owoneka bwino kumasonyeza kukongola kwake ndipo kumaphatikizapo zolakwika monga zokanda ndi maenje, kapena kukumba.Nthawi zambiri, zolakwika zapamtundazi zimakhala zodzikongoletsera ndipo sizikhudza kwambiri machitidwe a dongosolo, komabe, zingayambitse kutayika pang'ono mu kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake komanso kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kuwala kobalalika.Komabe, malo ena, komabe, amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi izi: (1) malo omwe ali pazithunzi zazithunzi chifukwa zolakwikazi zimayang'ana kwambiri komanso (2) malo omwe amawona mphamvu zambiri chifukwa zolakwikazi zimatha kuyambitsa kuyamwa kwamphamvu ndi kuwonongeka. mawonekedwe.Mafotokozedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapangidwe apamwamba ndizomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi MIL-PRF-13830B.Matchulidwe a zikandalo amazindikiridwa pofanizira zingwe zomwe zili pamtunda ndi zingwe zokhazikika pansi pamikhalidwe yowunikira.Chifukwa chake kutchulidwa sikumalongosola kukanda komweko, koma kumafanizira ndi kukanda kokhazikika malinga ndi MIL-Spec.Kukumba, komabe, kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukumba, kapena dzenje laling'ono pamtunda.Matchulidwe a kukumba amawerengedwa m'mimba mwake mwa kukumba mu ma microns ogawidwa ndi 10. Mafotokozedwe a 80-50 amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino, 60-40 mwatsatanetsatane, ndi 20-10 apamwamba kwambiri.
| Table 6: Kupanga Kulekerera Kwapamwamba Kwambiri | |
| Ubwino wa Pamwamba (kumba-kumba) | Kalasi Yabwino |
| 80-50 | Chitsanzo |
| 60-40 | Kulondola |
| 40-20 | Kulondola Kwambiri |
Pamwamba Pamwamba
Kutsetsereka kwa pamwamba ndi mtundu wa kulondola kwapamwamba komwe kumayesa kupatuka kwa malo athyathyathya monga galasi, zenera, prism, kapena plano-lens.Kupatuka kumeneku kungayesedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omwe ndi apamwamba kwambiri, olondola kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza kusalala kwa chidutswa choyesera.Pamene malo athyathyathya a optic test amayikidwa motsutsana ndi kuwala kwa kuwala, mapini amawonekera omwe mawonekedwe ake amatsogolera kutsetsereka kwapamwamba kwa optic poyang'aniridwa.Ngati m'mphepete mwake muli mipata yofanana, yowongoka, komanso yofananira, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe amayesedwa amakhala athyathyathya ngati mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.Ngati mphonjezo zili zopindika, kuchuluka kwa mphonje pakati pa mizere iwiri yongoganiza, imodzi yopindika pakati pa mphonjeyo ndi ina kupyola kumapeto kwa mphonje yomweyi, zikuwonetsa kulakwitsa kwa kusalala.Kupatuka kwa kuphwanthika nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa ndi mafunde (λ), omwe ndi machulukitsidwe a kutalika kwa mafunde a malo oyesera.Mpendero imodzi imafanana ndi ½ ya mafunde, mwachitsanzo, 1 λ yofanana ndi 2 malire.
| Table 7: Kupanga Kulekerera kwa Flatness | |
| Kusalala | Kalasi Yabwino |
| 1 λ | Chitsanzo |
| λ/4 | Kulondola |
| λ/10 | Kulondola Kwambiri |
Mphamvu
Mphamvu ndi mtundu wa kulondola kwapamwamba, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo opindika, kapena malo okhala ndi mphamvu.Ndilo muyeso wa kupindika pamwamba pa kuwala ndipo umasiyana ndi utali wopindika chifukwa umagwirizana ndi kupatuka kwapang'ono kakang'ono mu mawonekedwe ozungulira a mandala.mwachitsanzo, taganizirani utali wa kupindika kwa kupindika kumatanthauzidwa kuti 100 +/-0.1mm, utali wozungulirawu ukapangidwa, kupukutidwa ndi kuyezedwa, timapeza kuti kupindika kwake kwenikweni ndi 99.95mm komwe kumagwera mkati mwa kulolerana kwamakina.Pamenepa, tikudziwa kuti kutalika kwa focal ndikolondola chifukwa tapeza mawonekedwe ozungulira olondola.Koma chifukwa utali wozungulira ndi kutalika kwake ndizolondola, sizitanthauza kuti mandala azichita momwe adapangidwira.Sikokwanira kungotanthauzira utali wa curvature komanso kusasinthasintha kwa kupindika - ndipo izi ndizomwe mphamvu zimapangidwira kuti ziziwongolera.Apanso pogwiritsa ntchito utali wofanana wa 99.95mm womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa, dokotala wamaso angafune kuwongolera kulondola kwa kuwala kowonekera pochepetsa mphamvu ku ≤ 1 λ.Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'mimba mwake yonse, sipangakhalenso kupatuka kwakukulu kuposa 632.8nm (1λ = 632.8nm) mogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.Kuonjezera kulamulira kolimba kwambiri kumeneku kumathandizira kuonetsetsa kuti kuwala kwa mbali imodzi ya lens sikungasinthe mosiyana ndi mbali inayo.Popeza cholinga chake chikhoza kukhala chofuna kuwunikira kuwala kulikonse, mawonekedwe ake akakhala osasinthasintha, kuwala kumawonekeranso bwino podutsa mu lens.
Akatswiri a maso amatchula zolakwika za mphamvu malinga ndi mafunde kapena m'mphepete mwake ndikuyesa pogwiritsa ntchito interferometer.Imayesedwa m'njira yofanana ndi kuthyathyathya, chifukwa malo opindika amafananizidwa ndi malo omwe ali ndi utali wopindika kwambiri.Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yomweyi ya kusokoneza komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mipata ya mpweya pakati pa malo awiriwa, ndondomeko yosokoneza yazitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kupatuka kwa malo oyesera kuchokera kumalo owonetsera (Chithunzi 11).Kupatuka kuchokera pachidutswacho kumapanga mphete zingapo, zotchedwa Newton's Rings.Pamene mphete zilipo, kupatukako kumakulirakulira.Chiwerengero cha mphete zakuda kapena zowala, osati kuchuluka kwa kuwala ndi mdima, kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mafunde a zolakwika kuwirikiza kawiri.
Chithunzi 11: Kulakwitsa kwamphamvu kuyesedwa poyerekezera ndi malo ofotokozera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito interferometer
Kulakwitsa kwamphamvu kumakhudzana ndi cholakwika chomwe chili mu radius yopindika ndi equation yotsatirayi pomwe ∆R ndi cholakwika cha radius, D ndi mainchesi a lens, R ndi utali wozungulira, ndipo λ ndi kutalika kwa mawonekedwe (nthawi zambiri 632.8nm):
Vuto Lamphamvu [mafunde kapena λ] = ∆R D²/8R²λ
Chithunzi 12: Vuto la Mphamvu pa Diamater vs Radius Error pa Center
Kusakhazikika
Kusakhazikika kumaganizira kusiyanasiyana kwapang'onopang'ono pamtunda wa kuwala.Mofanana ndi mphamvu, imayesedwa ndi mafunde kapena m'mphepete mwake ndipo imadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito interferometer.Mwachidziwitso, ndizosavuta kuganiza za kusakhazikika monga momwe zimafotokozera momwe kuwala kumayenera kukhalira kosalala.Pamene nsonga zonse zoyezedwa ndi zigwa pa malo owoneka bwino zitha kukhala zofananira m'dera limodzi, gawo lina la mawonekedwe likhoza kuwonetsa kupotoka kokulirapo.Zikatero, kuwala komwe kumawunikiridwa ndi lens kumatha kukhala kosiyana malinga ndi komwe kumawunikiridwa ndi kuwala.Kusakhazikika ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga magalasi.Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa momwe kupatuka kwa mawonekedwe apamtunda kuchokera paozungulira bwino kwambiri kumawonekera pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a PV osakhazikika.
Chithunzi 13: Kusayenerera kwa PV
Kusakhazikika ndi mtundu wa kulondola kwapamwamba komwe kumafotokoza momwe mawonekedwe a pamwamba amapatuka kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a malo owonetsera.Imapezedwa kuchokera muyeso womwewo ndi mphamvu.Kukhazikika kumatanthawuza sphericity ya malire ozungulira omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kufananitsa malo oyesera kupita kumalo owonetsera.Mphamvu ya pamwamba ikakhala yopitilira 5, zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira zolakwika zazing'ono zosakwana 1 mphonje.Chifukwa chake ndizofala kutchula malo omwe ali ndi chiyerekezo cha mphamvu ndi kusakhazikika kwa pafupifupi 5:1.
Chithunzi 14: Flatness vs Power vs Irregularity
Mavesi a RMS PV Mphamvu ndi Kusakhazikika
Pokambirana za mphamvu ndi kusakhazikika, ndikofunikira kuzindikira njira ziwiri zomwe angatanthauzire.Choyamba ndi mtengo weniweni.Mwachitsanzo, ngati mawonekedwe amatanthauzidwa kuti ali ndi kusakhazikika kwa mafunde a 1, sipangakhale kusiyana kopitilira 1 mafunde pakati pa malo okwera kwambiri ndi otsika kwambiri pamtunda kapena pachigwa (PV).Njira yachiwiri ndikutchula mphamvu kapena kusakhazikika ngati 1 wave RMS (muzu umatanthauza squared) kapena avareji.Pakutanthauzira uku, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe amatchedwa 1 wave RMS osakhazikika amatha kukhala ndi nsonga ndi zigwa zomwe zimapitilira mafunde a 1, komabe, pakuwunika zonse, kusakhazikika kwapakati kuyenera kugwa mkati mwa 1 wave.
Zonsezi, RMS ndi PV ndi njira zonse zofotokozera momwe mawonekedwe a chinthu amayenderana ndi kupindika kwake, kotchedwa "chithunzi chapamwamba" ndi "kuuma kwapamtunda," motsatana.Zonsezi zimawerengedwa kuchokera ku deta yofanana, monga muyeso wa interferometer, koma matanthauzo ake ndi osiyana kwambiri.PV ndi yabwino popereka "chinthu choyipa kwambiri" pamwamba;RMS ndi njira yofotokozera kupatuka kwapakati pazithunzi zapamtunda kuchokera pamalo ofunikira kapena ofotokozera.RMS ndi yabwino kufotokozera kusiyanasiyana kwapadziko lonse.Palibe ubale wosavuta pakati pa PV ndi RMS.Komabe, monga lamulo, mtengo wa RMS ndi pafupifupi 0.2 ngati wokhazikika ngati mtengo wosakhala wapakati poyerekeza ndi mbali, mwachitsanzo, 0.1 wave irregular PV ndi yofanana ndi pafupifupi 0.5 wave RMS.
Pamwamba Pamwamba
Kumaliza kwapamwamba, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kuuma kwapamtunda, kumayesa zolakwika zazing'ono pamtunda.Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni chifukwa cha kupukuta ndi mtundu wazinthu.Ngakhale mawonekedwe akuwoneka kuti ndi osalala kwambiri komanso osasinthasintha pang'ono, poyang'anitsitsa, kuunika kowoneka bwino kumatha kuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pamawonekedwe apamwamba.Chifaniziro chabwino cha chojambulachi ndikufanizira kukhwinyata pamwamba ndi mchenga wa mchenga.Ngakhale kukula kwa grit kopambana kumamveka bwino komanso kokhazikika pokhudza kukhudza, pamwamba pake amapangidwa ndi nsonga zazing'ono komanso zigwa zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwa grit komweko.Pankhani ya optics, "grit" ikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti ndi zolakwika zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pamtunda chifukwa cha ubwino wa polishi.Zowoneka bwino zimavala mwachangu kuposa zosalala ndipo sizingakhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zina, makamaka zomwe zimakhala ndi ma lasers kapena kutentha kwambiri, chifukwa cha malo omwe amatha kukhala a nucleation omwe amatha kuwoneka m'ming'alu yaying'ono kapena zolakwika.
Mosiyana ndi mphamvu ndi kusakhazikika, zomwe zimayezedwa m'mafunde kapena tizigawo ta mafunde, kuuma kwapamtunda, chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwambiri kumayang'ana pamwamba, kumayesedwa pamlingo wa angstroms ndipo nthawi zonse malinga ndi RMS.Poyerekeza, pamafunika ma angstroms khumi kuti afanane ndi nanometer imodzi ndi 632.8 nanometers kuti afanane ndi mafunde amodzi.
Chithunzi 15: Surface Roughness RMS Measurement
| Table 8: Kupanga kulolerana kwa Surface Finish | |
| Kukalipa Pamwamba (RMS) | Kalasi Yabwino |
| 50 Å | Chitsanzo |
| 20 Å | Kulondola |
| 5 Å | Kulondola Kwambiri |
Vuto Lotumiza Wavefront
Transmitted wavefront error (TWE) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ayenerere kugwira ntchito kwa zinthu za kuwala pamene kuwala kumadutsa.Mosiyana ndi miyeso ya mawonekedwe a pamwamba, miyeso yapatsogolo yopatsirana imaphatikizapo zolakwika kuchokera kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, wedge, ndi homogeneity ya zinthu.Metric ya magwiridwe antchito onsewa imapereka kumvetsetsa bwino momwe mawonekedwe adziko lapansi amagwirira ntchito.
Ngakhale zida zambiri zowoneka bwino zimayesedwa payekhapayekha mawonekedwe a pamwamba kapena mawonekedwe a TWE, zigawozi zimamangidwa mosavutikira m'magulu owoneka bwino omwe ali ndi zofunikira zawozawo.Muzinthu zina ndizovomerezeka kudalira miyeso ya zigawo ndi kulolera kulosera momwe ntchito yomaliza ikuyendera, koma pamapulogalamu ovuta kwambiri ndikofunikira kuyeza msonkhano monga momwe wamangidwa.
Miyezo ya TWE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti makina owoneka bwino amapangidwa molingana ndi momwe akuyembekezeredwa.Kuphatikiza apo, miyeso ya TWE ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kugwirizanitsa machitidwe, kuchepetsa nthawi yosonkhana, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa ikukwaniritsidwa.
Paralight Optics imaphatikizapo zogaya zamakono za CNC ndi zopukutira, zonse zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, komanso ma contour a aspheric ndi aulere.Kugwiritsa ntchito ma metrology apamwamba kuphatikiza Zygo interferometers, profilometers, TriOptics Opticentric, TriOptics OptiSpheric, ndi zina zotere pakuwunika kwa metrology komanso kuwunika komaliza, komanso zaka zathu zaukadaulo wopanga & zokutira zimatilola kuthana ndi zovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri. optics ochita bwino kwambiri kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za makasitomala.
Kuti mumve zambiri zakuya, chonde onani ma catalog optics athu kapena zinthu zomwe zawonetsedwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-26-2023