Umgangatho womphezulu
Umphezulu womgangatho obonakalayo uchaza inkangeleko yayo yaye uquka iziphene ezifana nemikrwelo nemingxuma, okanye ukugrunjwa.Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi ziphene ezingaphezulu ziyi-cosmetic kuphela kwaye azichaphazeli kakhulu ukusebenza kwenkqubo, nangona kunjalo, zinokubangela ilahleko encinci kwindlela yokuphuma kwenkqubo kunye nokunyuka okuncinci kokukhanya okuthe saa.Nangona kunjalo, iindawo ezithile, nangona kunjalo, zinovakalelo ngakumbi kwezi ziphumo ezifana nezi: (1) umphezulu kwiinqwelomoya zemifanekiso kuba ezi ziphene zigxininisekile kunye (2) iindawo ezibona amanqanaba aphezulu ombane kuba ezi ziphene zingabangela ukonyuka kwamandla kunye nomonakalo. i-optic.Ezona nkcukacha zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziselwa umgangatho womphezulu yinkcazo ye-scratch-dig echazwe yi-MIL-PRF-13830B.Ukutyunjwa kwe-scratch kuchongwa ngokuthelekisa imikrwelo kumphezulu kwisethi yemigangatho esemgangathweni phantsi kweemeko zokukhanyisa ezilawulwayo.Ke ngoko igama lomkrwelo alichazi owona mkrwelo ngokwawo, kodwa liwuthelekisa nomkrwelo osemgangathweni ngokwe-MIL-Spec.Ukutyunjwa kokwemba, nangona kunjalo, kuhambelana ngqo nokugrumba, okanye umngxuma omncinci kumphezulu.Ukutyunjwa kwe-dig kubalwa kwi-diameter ye-dig kwi-microns eyahlulwe ngo-10. Iimpawu ze-scratch-dig ze-80-50 zibhekwa njengomgangatho oqhelekileyo, umgangatho we-60-40 wokuchaneka, kunye ne-20-10 echanekileyo yomgangatho ophezulu.
| Itheyibhile 6: Ukunyamezelwa kokwenziwa koMgangatho woMphezulu | |
| Umgangatho womphezulu (ukugrumba-krwempa) | IBanga elisemgangathweni |
| 80-50 | Isiqhelo |
| 60-40 | Ukuchaneka |
| 40-20 | Ukuchaneka okuphezulu |
Umphezulu oMcaba
Ukuthe tyaba komphezulu luhlobo oluchanekileyo lomphezulu wenkcazelo elinganisa ukutenxa kumphezulu osicaba onjengalowo wesipili, ifestile, iprism, okanye iplano-lens.Oku kunxaxha kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa iflethi yokukhanya, ekumgangatho ophezulu, umphezulu wesalathiso ochaneke kakhulu osetyenziswa ukuthelekisa ukucaba kweqhekeza lovavanyo.Xa umphezulu othe tyaba we-optic yovavanyo ubekwe ngokuchasene neflethi yokubona, imiphetho iyavela imilo yayo elawula ukucaca komphezulu we-optic phantsi kokuhlolwa.Ukuba imiphetho ibekwe ngokulinganayo, ngokuthe tye, kwaye ihambelana, ke indawo ebonakalayo phantsi kovavanyo incinci njengeflethi yereferensi ye-optical.Ukuba imiqukumbelo igophe, inani lemiphetho phakathi kwemigca emibini yentelekelelo, enye i-tangent ukuya embindini womqukumbelo omnye ukuya kwiziphelo zaloo mida, ibonisa impazamo yokucaba.Ukutenxa kumcaba kukholisa ukulinganiswa kumaxabiso amaza (λ), aziziphindwayo zobude bomthombo wovavanyo.Omnye umphetho uhambelana ne-½ yamaza, okt, 1 λ ilingana ne-2 imiphetho.
| ITheyibhile 7: UkuVelisa ukuNyamezelwa kweFlat | |
| Ukucaba | IBanga elisemgangathweni |
| 1λ | Isiqhelo |
| λ/4 | Ukuchaneka |
| λ/10 | Ukuchaneka okuphezulu |
Amandla
Amandla luhlobo oluthile lokuchaneka komphezulu, lusebenza kwindawo egobileyo yamehlo, okanye imiphezulu enamandla.Ngumlinganiselo wegophe kumphezulu we-optic kwaye iyahluka kwiradiyasi yegophe kuba iyasebenza ekutenxeni kwe-micro-scale kwimilo engqukuva yelensi.umz., qwalasela i-radius yokunyamezela i-curvature ichazwa njenge-100 +/-0.1mm, emva kokuba le radius ivelisiwe, iphuculwe kwaye ilinganiswe, sifumana i-curvature yayo yokwenene ibe yi-99.95mm ewela ngaphakathi kokunyamezela komatshini okuchaziweyo.Kule meko, siyazi ukuba ubude bojoliso buchanekile kuba sifumene imilo engqukuva echanekileyo.Kodwa ngenxa yokuba iradiyasi kunye nobude obugxininise buchanekile, akuthethi ukuba ilensi iya kwenza njengoko kuyiliwe.Ke ngoko akwanelanga ukuchaza ngokulula i-radius ye-curvature kodwa kunye nokuhambelana kwe-curvature-kwaye oku kanye kanye amandla enzelwe ukulawula.Kwakhona usebenzisa irediyasi efanayo eyi-99.95mm ekhankanywe ngasentla, ugqirha wamehlo unokunqwenela ukuqhubeka elawula ukuchaneka kwesibane esirakiweyo ngokunciphisa amandla ku-≤ 1 λ.Oku kuthetha ukuba phezu kobubanzi bubonke, akunakubakho ukutenxa kukhulu kune-632.8nm (1λ = 632.8nm) kukuhambelana kobume obungqukuva.Ukongeza eli nqanaba lingqongqo ngakumbi lolawulo kwifomu yomphezulu kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imitha yokukhanya kwelinye icala lelensi ayikhubeki ngokwahlukileyo kunaleyo ikwelinye icala.Kuba injongo inokuba kukufikelela kugxininiso oluphambili kuko konke ukukhanya kwesehlo, okukhona imilo ihambelana, kokukhona ukukhanya kuya kuziphatha ngokuchanekileyo xa kudlula ilensi.
Oogqirha bamehlo bachaza impazamo yamandla ngokwemiqulu yamaza okanye imiphetho kwaye bayilinganise ngokusebenzisa i-interferometer.Ivavanywa ngefashoni efana nokuba mcaba, ngokuba umphezulu ogobileyo uthelekiswa nomphezulu wereferensi onerediyasi elungelelaniswe kakhulu yokugoba.Ukusebenzisa umgaqo ofanayo wokuphazamiseka okubangelwa izithuba zomoya phakathi kweendawo ezimbini, ipateni yokuphazamiseka kweefringe isetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukuphambuka kwendawo yokuvavanya ukusuka kwindawo yokubhekisela (Umfanekiso 11).Ukutenxa kwiqhekeza lereferensi kuya kudala uthotho lwamakhonkco, aziwa ngokuba yiNewton's Rings.Okukhona izazinge zininzi, kokukhona kukho ukutenxa.Inani lamakhonkco amnyama okanye akhanyayo, hayi isamba sokukhanya kunye nobumnyama, sihambelana nenani eliphindwe kabini leempazamo zamaza.
Umzobo 11: Impazamo yamandla ihlolwe ngokuthelekisa indawo yereferensi okanye usebenzisa i-interferometer
Imposiso yamandla inxulumene nempazamo kwiradiyasi yegophe ngale nxaki ilandelayo apho ∆R yimpazamo yeradiyasi, D yidayamitha yelensi, R yiradiyasi yomphezulu, kwaye λ bubude bendawo (ngokuqhelekileyo yi-632.8nm):
Imposiso yaMandla [amaza okanye λ] = ∆R D²/8R²λ
Umzobo 12: Impazamo yamandla phezu kweDiamater vs Radius Impazamo kwiziko
Ukutenxa
I-irregularity ithathela ingqalelo ukuhluka okuncinci kwinqanaba le-optical surface.Njengamandla, ilinganiswa ngokwamaza okanye imiphetho kwaye ibonakaliswe kusetyenziswa i-interferometer.Ngokwengqiqo, kulula ukucinga ngesitenxo njengengcaciso echaza ukuba umphezulu obonakalayo kufuneka ugudiswe ngendlela efanayo.Nangona iincopho ezilinganisiweyo zizonke kunye neentlambo kumphezulu obonakalayo zinokuhambelana kakhulu kwindawo enye, icandelo elahlukileyo le-optic linokubonisa ukutenxa okukhulu kakhulu.Kwimeko enjalo, ukukhanya okuhlanjululweyo yi-lens kunokuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ekuyiyo i-optic.I-irregularity ngoko ke yingqwalasela ebalulekileyo xa uyila iilensi.Lo mzobo ulandelayo ubonisa indlela le fomu yomphezulu enxaxhileyo ukusuka kulowo ungqukuva ngokugqibeleleyo unokubonakaliswa kusetyenziswa iinkcukacha ze-PV ezitenxileyo.
Umzobo 13: Umlinganiselo wePV ongekho mgaqweni
I-irregularity luhlobo lwenkcazo yokuchaneka komphezulu ochaza indlela ubume bomphezulu obutenxa ngayo kwimilo yendawo yereferensi.Ifunyanwa kumlinganiselo ofanayo namandla.I-regularity ibhekisela kwi-sphericity ye-fringes ye-circular eyenziwa ukusuka ekuthelekisweni kwendawo yokuvavanya ukuya kwindawo yokubhekisela.Xa amandla omhlaba engaphezulu kwe-5 imiphetho, kunzima ukufumanisa izitenxo ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-1 fringe.Ke ngoko kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukukhankanya imiphezulu enomlinganiselo wamandla kwisitenxo esimalunga ne-5:1.
Umzobo 14: Ukucaba vs Amandla vs Irregularity
Iindinyana ze-RMS zePV Amandla kunye nokunganyanzeki
Xa kuxoxwa ngamandla kunye nokungahambi kakuhle, kubalulekile ukuqonda iindlela ezimbini ezinokuchazwa ngazo.Eyokuqala lixabiso elipheleleyo.Umzekelo, ukuba i-optic ichazwa njenge-1 ye-wave irregularity, akunakubakho ngaphezulu kwe-1 umahluko wamaza phakathi kweyona ndawo iphezulu kunye neyona iphantsi kumphezulu we-optical surface okanye i-peak-to-valley (PV).Indlela yesibini kukucacisa amandla okanye isitenxo njenge-1 wave RMS (ingcambu ithetha isikweri) okanye umndilili.Kule ngcaciso, i-optical surface echazwe njenge-1 wave ye-RMS engaqhelekanga inokuthi, eneneni, ibe neencopho kunye neentlambo ezingaphezulu kwe-wave ye-1, nangona kunjalo, xa uhlola indawo epheleleyo, i-avareji ye-avareji yokungahambi kakuhle kufuneka iwele ngaphakathi kwe-1 wave.
Lilonke, i-RMS kunye ne-PV zombini ziindlela zokuchaza indlela imilo yento ehambelana ngayo negophe eliyiliweyo, elibizwa ngokuba “ngumzobo womphezulu” kunye “noburhabaxa bomphezulu,” ngokulandelelanayo.Zombini zibalwa ukusuka kwidatha efanayo, njengomlinganiselo we-interferometer, kodwa iintsingiselo zahluke kakhulu.I-PV ilungile ekunikezeni "imeko embi kakhulu" kumphezulu;I-RMS yindlela yokuchaza umndilili wokutenxa kumphezulu womphezulu ukusuka kwindawo efunwayo okanye yereferensi.I-RMS ilungile ekuchazeni ukuguquguquka komphezulu jikelele.Akukho budlelwane bulula phakathi kwe-PV kunye ne-RMS.Nangona kunjalo njengomgaqo jikelele, ixabiso le-RMS limalunga ne-0.2 njenge-stringent njengexabiso elingena-avareji xa lithelekiswa necala, okt i-0.1 wave i-PV engaqhelekanga ilingana malunga ne-0.5 wave RMS.
Umphezulu Gqiba
Ukugqitywa komphezulu, okwakwaziwa ngokuba buburhabaxa bomphezulu, ilinganisa izitenxo zesikali esincinci kumphezulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyimveliso engathandekiyo yenkqubo yokupolisha kunye nohlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo.Nokuba i-optic ithathwa njengegudileyo ngokugqwesileyo kunye nesitenxo esincinci kumphezulu, xa ujongwa ngokusondeleyo, uviwo oluyinyani lwemicroscopic lunokubonisa umahluko omkhulu kukwakheka komphezulu.Isifaniso esihle sale artifact kukuthelekisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu kunye negrit yesandpaper.Ngelixa eyona sayizi igqwesileyo yegrit inokuvakala igudile kwaye iqhelekile xa ubamba, umphezulu wokwenene wenziwa ziincochoyi zemicroscopic kunye neentlambo ezigqitywe bubungakanani bomzimba begrit ngokwayo.Kwimeko ye-optics, "i-grit" inokucingelwa njengezitenxo ezincinci kwi-texture yomhlaba obangelwa ngumgangatho wepolishi.Imiphezulu erhabaxa ithanda ukunxiba ngokukhawuleza kunemigangatho egudileyo kwaye isenokungalungeli ezinye izicelo, ngakumbi ezo zinee-laser okanye ubushushu obugqithisileyo, ngenxa yeendawo ezinokubakho ze-nucleation ezinokuvela kwiintanda ezincinci okanye ukungafezeki.
Ngokungafaniyo namandla kunye nokungahambi kakuhle, okulinganiswa ngamaza okanye amaqhezu amaza, uburhabaxa bomphezulu, ngenxa yogxininiso olusondele kakhulu kwi-texture ye-surface, ilinganiswa kwisikali se-angstroms kwaye rhoqo ngokwe-RMS.Ukuthelekisa, kuthatha ii-angstroms ezilishumi ukulinganisa i-nanometer enye kunye ne-632.8 nanometers ukulingana namaza amaza.
Umzobo 15: Uburhabaxa boMphezulu woMlinganiselo we-RMS
| Itheyibhile 8: Ukunyamezelwa kokwenziwa kweSurface Finish | |
| Uburhabaxa boMphezulu (RMS) | IBanga elisemgangathweni |
| 50Å | Isiqhelo |
| 20Å | Ukuchaneka |
| 5Å | Ukuchaneka okuphezulu |
Imposiso egqithisiweyo yeWavefront
Impazamo ye-wavefront egqithisiweyo (TWE) isetyenziselwa ukufaneleka ukusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo njengoko ukukhanya kudlula.Ngokungafaniyo nemilinganiselo yefomu yomphezulu, imilinganiselo engaphambili yamaza ibandakanya iimpazamo ukusuka kumphezulu ongaphambili nasemva, wedge, kunye nehomogeneity yemathiriyeli.Le metric yokusebenza iyonke inikezela ukuqonda ngcono ukusebenza kwehlabathi lokwenyani le-optic.
Ngelixa izinto ezininzi zamehlo zivavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo kwifomu yomphezulu okanye iinkcukacha ze-TWE, la macandelo akhiwe ngokungathintelekiyo kwiindibano ezintsonkothileyo zokukhanya ezineemfuno zokusebenza ezizezazo.Kwezinye izicelo kwamkelekile ukuthembela kwimilinganiselo yecandelo kunye nokunyamezela ukuqikelela ukusebenza kokugqibela, kodwa kwizicelo ezifunwa kakhulu kubalulekile ukulinganisa indibano njengoko yakhiwe.
Imilinganiselo TWE isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixokelelwano sokukhanya sakhiwe ngokweenkcukacha kwaye siya kusebenza njengoko kulindelekile.Ukongeza, imilinganiselo ye-TWE ingasetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo ngokusebenzayo, ukunciphisa ixesha lokuhlanganisa, ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza okulindelekileyo kufezekisiwe.
I-Paralight Optics idibanisa i-CNC grinders ye-state-of-the-art kunye ne-polishers, zombini iimilo eziqhelekileyo ze-spherical, kunye ne-aspheric kunye ne-free-form contours.Ukusebenzisa i-metrology ephezulu kuquka i-Zygo interferometers, iprofilometers, i-TriOptics Opticentric, i-TriOptics OptiSpheric, njl. kuzo zombini iinkqubo ze-metrology kunye nokuhlolwa kokugqibela, kunye neminyaka yethu yamava kwi-optical fabrication & coating kusivumela ukuba sijongane nezinye zezona zinto zinzima kwaye ii-opticals ezisebenza kakhulu ukuhlangabezana neenkcukacha ezifunekayo zabathengi.
Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezinzulu, nceda ujonge ikhathalogu yethu ye-optics okanye iimveliso ezifakiweyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-26-2023