Ikhwalithi Yobuso
Izinga eliphezulu lendawo ekhanyayo lichaza indlela ebukeka ngayo futhi lihlanganisa izici ezinjengokuklwebheka nemigodi, noma ukumba.Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zinkinga ezingaphezulu ziyizimonyo kuphela futhi akuthinti kakhulu ukusebenza kwesistimu, noma kunjalo, zingabangela ukulahlekelwa okuncane kokuphuma kwesistimu kanye nokwenyuka okuncane kokukhanya okuhlakazekile.Nokho, izindawo ezithile, nokho, zizwela kakhulu kule miphumela efana nale: (1) izindawo ezindizeni zesithombe ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinkinga zigxilile kanye (2) nezindawo ezibona amazinga aphezulu wamandla ngoba lokhu kungasebenzi kungabangela ukumuncwa okukhulu kwamandla nokulimala. i-optic.Ukucaciswa okuvame kakhulu okusetshenziselwa ikhwalithi ephezulu ukucaciswa kwe-scratch-dig echazwe yi-MIL-PRF-13830B.Igama lokuklwejwa linqunywa ngokuqhathanisa imihuzuko endaweni nesethi yokuklwebheka okujwayelekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanyisa ezilawulwayo.Ngakho-ke igama lokuklwebha alikuchazi ukuklwebha kwangempela, kodwa kunalokho likuqhathanisa nokuklwebha okujwayelekile ngokuya nge-MIL-Spec.Igama lokumba, nokho, lihlobene ngokuqondile nokumba, noma umgodi omncane ongaphezulu.Ukuqokwa kokumba kubalwa kububanzi bokumba ngama-microns ahlukaniswe ngo-10. Imininingwane ye-scratch-dig engu-80-50 ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengekhwalithi evamile, ikhwalithi yokunemba engu-60-40, kanye nekhwalithi yokunemba ephezulu engu-20-10.
| Ithebula 6: Ukukhiqiza Ukubekezelelana Kwekhwalithi Yokuphezulu | |
| Ikhwalithi Yobuso (i-scratch-dig) | Ibanga Lekhwalithi |
| 80-50 | Okujwayelekile |
| 60-40 | Ukunemba |
| 40-20 | Ukunemba okuphezulu |
I-Surface Flatness
Ukucaba komhlaba kuwuhlobo lokucaciswa kokunemba kwendawo ekala ukuchezuka kwendawo eyisicaba njengaleyo yesibuko, iwindi, iprism, noma ilensi yeplano.Lokhu kuchezuka kungakalwa kusetshenziswa i-optical flat, okuyikhwalithi ephezulu, indawo eyireferensi enembe kakhulu esetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa ukucaba kwesiqephu sokuhlola.Lapho indawo eyisicaba ye-optic yokuhlola ibekwe ngokumelene neflethi yokubona, kuvela amaphethelo okuma kwawo kunquma ukucaba kwendawo ye-optic ngaphansi kokuhlolwa.Uma imiphetho ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, iqondile, futhi ihambisana, khona-ke indawo yokubona engaphansi kokuhlolwa okungenani iyisicaba njengeflethi lereferensi le-optical.Uma imiphetho igobile, inani lamaphethelo phakathi kwemigqa emibili ecatshangwayo, i-tangent eyodwa ukuya enkabeni yomphetho kanye nenye emaphethelweni alowo mphetho ofanayo, ikhombisa iphutha lokucaba.Ukuchezuka kokuthi flatness kuvame ukulinganiswa ngamavelu amagagasi (λ), okuyiziphinda-phindwa zobude begagasi bomthombo wokuhlola.Umphetho owodwa uhambisana no-½ wegagasi, okungukuthi, 1 λ okulingana namafringe angu-2.
| Ithebula lesi-7: Ukukhiqiza Ukubekezelelana Kwe-Flat | |
| Ukucaba | Ibanga Lekhwalithi |
| 1λ | Okujwayelekile |
| λ/4 | Ukunemba |
| λ/10 | Ukunemba okuphezulu |
Amandla
Amandla wuhlobo lokucaciswa kokunemba kwendawo, okusebenza endaweni ekhanyayo egobile, noma izindawo ezinamandla.Kuyisilinganiso sokugoba ebusweni be-optic futhi kuyahluka ukusuka ku-radius of curvature ngoba kusebenza ukuchezuka kwesikali esincanyana kusimo esiyindilinga selensi.isb, cabangela irediyasi yokubekezelela ukugoba ichazwa ngokuthi 100 +/-0.1mm, uma le radiyasi isikhiqiziwe, ipholishiwe futhi ikalwa, sithola ukugoba kwayo kungu-99.95mm okuwela ngaphakathi kokubekezelela komshini okucacisiwe.Kulesi simo, siyazi ukuthi ubude bokugxila bulungile njengoba sizuze umumo oyindilinga olungile.Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi irediyasi nobude bokugxila bulungile, akusho ukuthi ilensi izosebenza ngendlela eklanywe ngayo.Ngakho-ke akwanele ukumane uchaze i-radius of curvature kodwa nokuvumelana kokugobile - futhi yilokhu kanye amandla aklanyelwe ukulawula.Futhi esebenzisa irediyasi efanayo engu-99.95mm eshiwo ngenhla, udokotela wamehlo angase afise ukuqhubeka nokulawula ukunemba kokukhanya okufihliwe ngokukhawulela amandla kokuthi ≤ 1 λ.Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuwo wonke ububanzi, angeke kube khona ukuchezuka okukhulu kuno-632.8nm (1λ = 632.8nm) ekuhambisaneni komumo oyindilinga.Ukwengeza leli zinga lokulawula eliqinile kufomu elingaphezulu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imisebe yokukhanya ohlangothini olulodwa lwelensi ayinqamuki ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo engakolunye uhlangothi.Njengoba umgomo kungase kube ukuzuza ukugxila okuqondile kwakho konke ukukhanya kwesigameko, uma umumo ungaguquki, ukukhanya okunembe kakhudlwana kuzosebenza lapho kudlula ilensi.
Odokotela bamehlo bacacisa iphutha lamandla ngokuya ngamagagasi noma imiphetho bese beyilinganisa kusetshenziswa i-interferometer.Ihlolwa ngendlela efana nokucaba, ngokuthi indawo egobile iqhathaniswa nendawo eyireferensi enerediyasi elinganiselwe kakhulu yokugoba.Kusetshenziswa isimiso esifanayo sokuphazanyiswa okubangelwa izikhala zomoya phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili, iphethini yokuphazamisa yamaphethelo isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuchezuka kwendawo yokuhlola ukusuka endaweni eyinkomba (Umfanekiso 11).Ukuchezuka ocezwini lwereferensi kuzodala uchungechunge lwamaringi, olwaziwa ngokuthi Izindandatho zika-Newton.Uma amaringi ekhona, kukhulu ukuchezuka.Inani lamaringi amnyama noma akhanyayo, hhayi isamba sakho kokubili ukukhanya nokumnyama, lihambisana nenani eliphindwe kabili lenani lamagagasi ephutha.
Umfanekiso 11: Iphutha lamandla lihlolwe ngokuqhathanisa nendawo eyireferensi noma kusetshenziswa i-interferometer
Iphutha lamandla lihlobene nephutha elikububanzi bokugoba ngesibalo esilandelayo lapho u-∆R kuyiphutha lerediyasi, D ingububanzi belensi, R irediyasi engaphezulu, futhi u-λ ubude begagasi (imvamisa engu-632.8nm):
Iphutha Lamandla [amaza noma λ] = ∆R D²/8R²λ
Umfanekiso 12: Iphutha Lamandla phezu kwe-Diamater vs Iphutha leRadius Esikhungweni
Ukungajwayelekile
Ukungalungi kucabangela ukuhluka kwesikali esincane endaweni ekhanyayo.Njengamandla, ikalwa ngokwamagagasi noma imiphetho futhi ibonakala kusetshenziswa i-interferometer.Ngokomqondo, kulula kakhulu ukucabanga ngokungajwayelekile njengokucaciswa okuchaza ukuthi indawo ekhanyayo kufanele ibe bushelelezi kanjani.Nakuba iziqongo nezigodi ezikaliwe sezizonke endaweni yokubona kungase kuhambisane kakhulu endaweni eyodwa, ingxenye ehlukile ye-optic ingase ibonise ukuchezuka okukhulu kakhulu.Esimeni esinjalo, ukukhanya okunqanyulwe ilensi kungase kusebenze ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi kufinyezwe kuphi i-optic.Ngakho-ke ukungahambi kahle kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile lapho uklama amalensi.Isibalo esilandelayo sibonisa ukuthi lokhu kuchezuka kwefomu elingaphezulu ukusuka kule eyindilinga ngokuphelele kungabonakala kanjani kusetshenziswa ukucaciswa kwe-PV okungaqondakali.
Umfanekiso 13: Ukulinganiswa kwe-PV Okungalungile
I-Irregularity uhlobo lokucaciswa kokunemba kwendawo echaza ukuthi umumo wendawo usuka kanjani kumumo wendawo yereferensi.Itholakala esilinganisweni esifanayo namandla.I-Regularity isho i-sphericity yama-fringe ayindilinga akha kusukela ekuqhathanisweni kwendawo yokuhlola nendawo eyireferensi.Uma amandla obuso engaphezulu kwama-fringe angu-5, kunzima ukubona ukungahambi kahle okuncane okungaphansi kwe-fringe engu-1.Ngakho-ke kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ukucacisa izindawo ezinesilinganiso samandla nokungajwayelekile cishe okungu-5:1.
Umfanekiso 14: Flatness vs Power vs Irregularity
Amavesi e-RMS Amandla we-PV nokungajwayelekile
Uma kuxoxwa ngamandla kanye nokungahambi kahle, kubalulekile ukubona izindlela ezimbili ezingase zichazwe ngazo.Esokuqala inani eliphelele.Isibonelo, uma i-optic ichazwa njengokungahambi kahle kwegagasi oku-1, angeke kube khona umehluko wegagasi ongaphezu kuka-1 phakathi kwephoyinti eliphezulu neliphansi kakhulu endaweni yokubona noma i-peak-to-valley (PV).Indlela yesibili iwukucacisa amandla noma ukungalungi njenge-RMS yegagasi elingu-1 (impande isho ukuthi isikwele) noma isilinganiso.Kule ncazelo, i-optical surface echazwe njenge-1 wave RMS engajwayelekile ingase ibe neziqongo nezigodi ezingaphezu kwegagasi elingu-1, noma kunjalo, lapho kuhlolwa indawo egcwele, ukungahambi kahle kwesilinganiso sekukonke kufanele kuwele ngaphakathi kwegagasi elingu-1.
Sekukonke, i-RMS ne-PV zombili izindlela zokuchaza ukuthi ukwakheka kwento kufanelana kahle kangakanani nokugoba kwayo okuklanyiwe, okubizwa ngokuthi "isibalo esingaphezulu" kanye "nobunzima bobuso," ngokulandelana.Zombili zibalwa kusukela kudatha efanayo, njengesilinganiso se-interferometer, kodwa izincazelo zihluke kakhulu.I-PV inhle ekunikezeni "isimo esibi kakhulu" ebusweni;I-RMS iyindlela yokuchaza ukuchezuka okumaphakathi kwendawo engaphezulu ukusuka endaweni oyifunayo noma eyireferensi.I-RMS inhle ekuchazeni ukuhlukahluka kwendawo yonke.Abukho ubudlelwano obulula phakathi kwe-PV ne-RMS.Nokho njengomthetho ojwayelekile, inani le-RMS licishe libe ngu-0.2 njengokuqina njengevelu elingelona isilinganiso uma liqhathaniswa nezinhlangothi, okungukuthi i-PV engu-0.1 yamagagasi engavamile ilingana cishe ne-RMS yamagagasi angu-0.5.
I-Surface Qeda
Ukuqedwa kobuso, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukuhwalala komhlaba, kukala ukungahambi kahle kwesikali esincane endaweni.Ngokuvamile ziwumkhiqizo oneshwa wenqubo yokupholisha kanye nohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo.Ngisho noma i-optic ithathwa njengebushelelezi ngokungavamile ngokungahambi kahle kancane endaweni yonke, lapho kuhlolwa eduze, ukuhlola kwangempela kwe-microscopic kungase kwembule ukuhluka okukhulu kokuthungwa kwendawo.Isifaniso esihle sale artifact siwukuqhathanisa ubulukhuni obungaphezulu negrit ye-sandpaper.Nakuba usayizi wegrit omuhle kakhulu ungase uzizwe ubushelelezi futhi uvamile lapho uthintwa, indawo engaphezulu empeleni yenziwe ngeziqongo ezincane nezigodi ezinqunywa usayizi ongokoqobo wegrit ngokwayo.Endabeni ye-Optics, i-"grit" ingacatshangwa njengokungahambi kahle okuncane kokuthungwa kwendawo okubangelwa ikhwalithi yokupholisha.Izindawo ezimahhadla zivamise ukugqoka ngokushesha kunezindawo ezibushelelezi futhi zingase zingalungeli ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinamalaza noma ukushisa okunamandla, ngenxa yezindawo ezingaba khona ze-nucleation ezingavela emifantwini emincane noma ukungapheleli.
Ngokungafani namandla nokungahambi kahle, okukalwa ngamagagasi noma izingxenyana zamagagasi, ubulukhuni bendawo, ngenxa yokugxila kwayo eduze kakhulu ekuthungeni kwendawo, kukalwa ngesilinganiso sama-angstrom futhi njalo ngokwe-RMS.Ukuze uqhathanise, kuthatha ama-angstrom ayishumi ukulinganisa i-nanometer eyodwa nama-nanometer angu-632.8 ukulinganisa igagasi elilodwa.
Umfanekiso 15: Ukukalwa Kokuqina Komhlaba
| Ithebula 8: Ukukhiqiza ukubekezelela kwe-Surface Finish | |
| I-Surface Roughness (RMS) | Ibanga Lekhwalithi |
| 50Å | Okujwayelekile |
| 20Å | Ukunemba |
| 5Å | Ukunemba okuphezulu |
Kudluliselwe Iphutha le-Wavefront
Iphutha le-wavefront elidlulisiwe (TWE) lisetshenziselwa ukufaneleka ukusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo njengoba ukukhanya kudlula.Ngokungafani nezilinganiso zefomu elingaphezulu, izilinganiso zangaphambili zamagagasi adlulisiwe zifaka amaphutha ukusuka endaweni engaphambili nangemuva, wedge, kanye ne-homogeneity yento.Le metric yokusebenza iyonke ikunikeza ukuqonda okungcono ukusebenza komhlaba wangempela we-optic.
Nakuba izakhi eziningi ezibonakalayo zivivinywa ngazodwana ukuze kutholwe isimo esingaphezulu noma ukucaciswa kwe-TWE, lezi zingxenye zakhiwe ngokungagwemeki zibe izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezinezidingo zokusebenza zazo.Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kuyamukeleka ukuncika esilinganisweni sengxenye kanye nokubekezelela ukuze ubikezele ukusebenza kokugcina, kodwa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinzima kakhulu kubalulekile ukukala ukuhlanganisa njengoba kwakhiwe.
Izilinganiso ezi-TWE zisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu yokubona yakhelwe ekucacisweni kwayo futhi izosebenza njengoba kulindelekile.Ukwengeza, izilinganiso ze-TWE zingasetshenziswa ukuvumelanisa amasistimu, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlanganisa, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ukusebenza okulindelekile kuyafinyelelwa.
I-Paralight Optics ihlanganisa izigayi ze-CNC zesimanje nezipholile, kokubili komumo oyisiyingi ojwayelekile, kanye, namakhontolo efomu aspheric kanye namahhala.Ukusebenzisa i-metrology ethuthukisiwe ehlanganisa i-Zygo interferometers, i-profilometers, i-TriOptics Opticentric, i-TriOptics OptiSpheric, njll. kukho kokubili i-metrology eqhubekayo nokuhlolwa kokugcina, kanye neminyaka yethu yesipiliyoni sokwenza izinto ezibonakalayo & ukumboza kusivumela ukuthi sibhekane nezinye zezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi. ama-opticals asebenza kahle kakhulu ukuze ahlangabezane nokucaciswa kwe-optical okudingekayo kumakhasimende.
Ukuze uthole imininingwane eningilizayo, sicela ubheke ikhathalogi yethu yokubona izinto noma imikhiqizo efakiwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-26-2023